The Screening of White-Rot Fungi as Biological Control Agents against Ganoderma philippii (2025)

Preliminary screening and characterization of fungi isolated from forest soil as biocontrol agent against Ganoderma boninense

Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 2019

Aims: The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of fungi isolated from forest soil as biocontrol against Ganoderma boninense, the causal pathogen of basal stem rot disease in Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (oil palm). Methodology and results: Total 195 isolates were isolated from 20 soil samples collected from Crocker Range of Sabah and 54 fungal isolates were identified with 14 of them showed Percentage Inhibition of Radial Growth (PIRG) greater than 50%. A potential fungi (F15) with PIRG of 84.85% was later identified as Penicillium simplicissimum using molecular technique. Microscopy examination on P. simplicissimum and G. boninense interaction showed the evidence on the damage of pathogen hyphae when challenged by P. simplicissimum. The secondary metabolites of P. simplicissimum which may possibly contribute to this observation were later extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and acetone and the extracts were tested in agar dilution bioassay (0.2 mg/mL to 1.0 mg/mL) against the pathogen. Ethyl acetate extract gave the highest inhibition to G. boninense (14.12 % in 0.4 mg/mL of ethyl acetate extract). Conclusion, significance and impact of study: This is the first report, on the bioactivity of P. simplicissimum isolated from Crocker Range of Sabah against Ganoderma boninense, the causal pathogen of basal stem rot disease. Overall, our results indicated that P. simplicissimum has the potential to be further investigated as a biocontrol agent against G. boninense.

Ganoderma steyaertanum as a root-rot pathogen of forest trees

Forest Pathology, 2014

Two Acacia seed orchards, one each of A. mangium and A. auriculiformis, in Central Java have suffered high losses from root rot associated with a species of Ganoderma that is distinct from G. philippii, which causes extensive losses in A. mangium plantations in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Ganoderma steyaertanum was consistently isolated from roots of affected trees in the Javanese orchards and pathogenicity was confirmed by satisfying Koch's postulates. The mode of spread of the pathogen was examined by analysing the distribution of tree deaths in the A. mangium seed orchard and conducting somatic incompatibility tests among G. steyaertanum isolates from diseased trees. Spatial analyses indicate that, after an initially random disease distribution, the pattern of tree deaths was clustered. This is consistent with spore colonisation of thinned stumps followed by vegetative spread through root-to-root contact, as has been observed for other root pathogens such as Heterobasidion annosum. Somatic incompatibility tests demonstrated high genetic variability of the pathogen with root-to-root spread also confirmed.

In vitro evaluation of biocontrol agents and fungicides on wood decay fungi ganoderma associated with mortality of tree legumes

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (2): 31-35

An experiment was conducted to isolate a number of biocontrol agent-Trichoderma spp. from infected spawn packets of oyster mushroom at National Mushroom Development and Extension Centre, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. These bio-control agents were used as antagonist against four wild wood decay fungi of Ganoderma, viz., G. lucidum-1, G. lucidum-2, G. lucidum-3, G. applanatum and two cultivated G. lucidum-4, G.lucidum-6 under in vitro condition. An in vitro trial of Trichoderma spp. against Ganoderma were performed by dual culture, by treating with volatile, non-volatile and naturally untreated metabolites of bio-control agents. In dual culture, all the Trichoderma species showed 70-100% mycelia inhibition of G. lucidum-1 and G. lucidum-2, 55.6-100% inhibition of G. lucidum-3, 20-66.7% of G. applanatum, 100% of G. lucidum-5, 75-100% of G. lucidum-6. Effects of heat killed extracts of Trichoderma spp. on growth of G. lucidum-2 (wild) and G. lucidum-6 (cultivated) were also evaluated. Fungicides Bavistin and Dithane M-45 were also used to investigate the mycelial growth inhibition of Ganoderma spp.

Antagonistic effect of four fungal isolates to Ganoderma boninense, the causal agent of basal stem rot of oil palm

Biotropia, 2011

Four fungal isolates from soils obtained from three sites of the oil palm plantations in North Sumatra were found antagonistic to Ganoderma boninense, the causal agent of basal stem rot of oil palm. Penicillium citrinum inhibited the growth of the pathogen and formed a zone of inhibition on the agar media. Trichoderma harzianum BIO-1 as well as BIO-2 and T. viride not only repressed the growth of the pathogen but also caused lysis of the hyphae, and the colony was totally overgrown by the antagonists.

Evaluation of in vitro antagonistic activity of fungi from peatlands against Ganoderma species under acidic condition

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 2020

The use of peatlands is a significant contributor to the world's palm oil production. A serious problem of oil palm plantations in peatlands is the high incidence of basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma, which has a higher attack rate than on mineral soils. There is no effective way to control Ganoderma in peatlands. At present, the effort for the same focuses on environment-friendly biological methods; however, this is constrained by the unavailability of appropriate biological agents for peatlands. The development of biological control agents for peatlands is hampered by limited data on biological control of Ganoderma in peatlands. This research was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antagonistic activity of fungi isolated from a peatland in acidic pH conditions. Twenty-seven Ganoderma-antagonistic fungi from peatland were evaluated for their activity and their ability to antagonism in vitro within a pH range of 2-7. The results show that most antagonistic fungi from peatland, based on biomass weight, the sporulation ability, and germination of conidium, were able to grow optimally at pH 3.0-4.0, indicating that most of the Ganoderma-antagonistic fungi from peatland can be used as biological control agents for BSR on oil palms in peatlands.

Sexuality and mating types of Ganoderma philippii, Ganoderma mastoporum and Ganoderma australe, three basidiomycete fungi with contrasting ecological roles in south-east Asian pulpwood plantations

Australasian Plant Pathology, 2017

Species of Ganoderma, particularly G. philippii, G. australe and G. mastoporum, are commonly found in Indonesian Acacia mangium plantations. Ganoderma philippii is a root rot pathogen while the other two species are secondary root invaders and wood rotters. Management of G. philippii can be supported by knowledge of its gene flow, genetic diversity and population dynamics. This investigation was undertaken to determine the sexuality and mating systems of G. philippii and co-occurring Ganoderma species, observing the somatic interactions between monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelia and noting any incompatibility mechanisms. In all three species monokaryons were self-sterile. By examining the contact-zone hyphae, it was determined that in all three species, full sexually compatible matings occurred in 26-33% of the crossings. Two mating type loci were identified, as is the case for a wide range of Basidiomycetes. Dikaryons generated from monokaryotic isolates showed morphological changes as cultures aged. The results of this study indicate that outcrossing is favoured in all three species, G. australe, G. philippii and G. mastoporum, therefore promoting adaptation to new hosts and environments.

Occurrence and Severity of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst. on Azadirachta indica Trees in University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable Harvesting and Replacement

More than 40% mortality of the 35 years old Neem trees (Azardirachta indica) used as avenue tree in University of Port Harcourt (UNIPORT) has been observed. This phenomenon is strongly believed to have been caused by Ganoderma luciduma fungus which causes root rots, cracking of the root and stem barks, heartwood rots, die-back of the branches, deformation of crown and eventually death. Therefore, occurrence and severity of Ganoderma lucidum on the Neem trees from Delta axis road to Ofrima/Senate roundabout were examined for 3 years. Epidemiological observations showed that two genera of Ganoderma appeared early in the years when there was rain and gradually reduce with decreasing rainfall intensity. High occurrences of G.lucidum were observed between April and July for the 3 years of study. Over the years, there were progressive increase in the damaging impact of G.lucidum in all trees and the total mortality associated with its occurrence was greater than 40% at the end of 2013. Occurrence-severity indicated that A. indica trees were affected mostly by decays of roots and stem butts that were associated with tree age (old), soil contact and moisture. Occurrence of Ganoderma lucidum in living trees is recognized as a distinct disease and is strongly associated with declining of A. indica among ornamental trees in University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A disk obtained from one of the dying tree was still hard enough without any visible xylem decay, stain, tunnel and discolouration to produce furniture and other indoor wood products for the University community. This study suggests that the trees could be selectively harvested for furniture while replacement with non-vulnerable and fast growing tree like Gmelina arborea is advised before complete harvesting is carried out. [Adedeji, G. A., A. A. Aiyeloja and G. E. Omokhua. Occurrence and Severity of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst. on Azadirachta indica Tree in University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable Harvesting and Replacement. Nat Sci 2014;12(8):123-128]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 17

Characterization of white zones produced on Pinus radiata wood chips by Ganoderma australe and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora

World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2000

White zones produced on biodegraded Pinus radiata wood chips were characterized by micro-localized-FTIR (Fourier Transformed Infra Red) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Both techniques permitted assignment of the white zones to a selective lignin removal process. Although both fungi studied have degraded lignin selectively in these restricted superficial areas, chemical analysis of the wood chips indicated that Ganoderma australe removed 16% of the initial amount of glucan at the 20% weight loss level. Ceriporiopsis subvermispora did not remove glucan at weight loss values below 17%. Prolonged biodegradation resulted in reduction of white zones by G. australe, and increased white zones from C. subvermispora decayed samples.

Towards immunity of oil palm against Ganoderma fungus infection

Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2015

The first record of Ganoderma can be traced back to the Pharmacopoeia written by Chinese scientists in first century B.C. Several Ganoderma species are known as ''white rot'' fungi, which cause the display of the white cellulose on wood by degrading the lignin component. Ganoderma boninense is the main agent of basal stem rot (BSR) disease, as a persistent problem in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) cultivation that needs to be controlled. Oil palm, which is the main host of this pathogen, is an economically important crop grown in Southeast Asia, Africa, and America. Due to the negative effects of Ganoderma on the plants, especially on oil palm, this review focuses on the mechanisms of Ganoderma infection and its control, the importance of lignin and silicon (Si) to plant defense. This review also explores different methods for Ganoderma control and techniques for producing less susceptible oil palm. Genetic manipulation of oil palm for enhancing resistance to Ganoderma is also discussed.

Issues of Ganoderma spp . and Basal Stem Rot Disease Management in Oil Palm

2015

The genus Ganoderma , in generally the ancient fungus in the fungus world. The genus of the fungus have long been noticed as economically important fungus either as helpful for medicinal purpose use or harmful as pathogen of some economical crop plant such as rubber, coconut or oil palm plant. In both three plants it is caused the disease called basal stem rot, since the causal pathogen appear its fruiting body on the basal portion of the plant. Mainly three species of Ganoderma , namely G. boninense , G. zoanatum , G. miniatocinctum are caused the BSR disease. Literature suggested Ganoderma boninense is the most devastator species to cause grate economical effect on palm oil industry. This review paper are highlighted the current feature of Ganoderma spp. and its controlling approach for basal stem rot disease in oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.).